🌾 AGRICULTURE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY (WORLD) World Geography · Ch 23

SSC / Railway / UPSC / BPSC — World Geography Mind Map Series

🌾 Agriculture
  • A Primary activity (Primary sector)
📂 Types of Agriculture

Subsistence Agriculture

  • Primitive Subsistence Agriculture → Shifting / Jhum Agriculture
  • Intensive Subsistence Agriculture
  • Use of traditional methods

Commercial Agriculture

  • Commercial Crop Farming
  • Mixed Farming (Agriculture & Animal Husbandry)
  • Plantation / Single crop farming — e.g. Brazil coffee plantations (Fazenda)
  • Organic Farming
  • Truck Farming
  • Mediterranean Agriculture
  • Garden Farming

Other Types

  • Cooperative Farming
  • Community Farming
  • Dairy Farming
  • Intensive Farming (increasing yield through intensive use of available land)
📌 Largest agricultural land (area) China > USA > Australia — World Bank/FAO agricultural-land area, 2023; not an arable-land ranking.
📌 Rain measuring instrument Rain Gauge
📌 Taungya System Temporary food-crop cultivation with young forest plantation trees during establishment
📌 Tubewell Irrigation — Avoid Undated Global Count Tubewell/groundwater irrigation is important in India; no timeless global count ranking without dataset/year.
⚡ Quick Recall
Subsistence Agriculture = grown for own consumption · Commercial Agriculture = grown for sale/market — the core dividing line across all sub-types.
🔥 Shifting Cultivation in the World — Local Names
NameRegion
RayVietnam and Laos
MasoleCongo (Zaire River Valley)
MilpaMexico and Central America
ChitemeneZambia, especially northern Zambia
TaungyaMyanmar/Burma origin; distinct forest-establishment/agroforestry system
LadangJava and Malaysia
HumahJava and Indonesia
FangEquatorial African Countries
ChenaSri Lanka
ConucoVenezuela
⚡ Quick Recall
Jhum: India; Chena: Sri Lanka. Taungya originated in Myanmar but is a distinct forest-establishment/agroforestry system, not merely another shifting-cultivation name.
🌱 Classification of Crops
Crop TypeExamples
Food CropsRice, Wheat, Maize, Barley
Coarse GrainsJowar / Ragi / Bajra
Pulse CropsGram, Pea, Moong, Arhar
Oilseed CropsMustard, Sesame, Linseed, Groundnut, Coconut, Sunflower
Horticultural Crops — Core ExamplesFruits, vegetables, flowers and ornamental crops; tea/coffee are classically beverage/plantation crops.
Beverage CropsTea and Coffee
Fibre CropsCotton, Jute
Other / Cash / Commercial CropsSugarcane, Beetroot, Rubber, Tobacco, Spices, etc.
⚡ Quick Recall
Tea/coffee: beverage and plantation/cash crops. Core horticulture examples are fruits, vegetables, flowers and ornamentals.
🌙 Golden Crescent
  • Opium producing and exporting countries of Central and South Asia
  • Countries: Pakistan, Afghanistan, Iran
🏛️ Important Institutions Related to Agriculture
InstitutionHeadquarters
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)Rome (Italy)
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI)Washington D.C. (USA)
Tropical Agriculture InstituteIbadan (Nigeria)
International Rice Research Institute (IRRI)Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines
World Meteorological Organization (WMO)Geneva (Switzerland)
⚠ Exam Trap
FAO — Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome. IFPRI — International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington D.C..
🌍 Agricultural Production — FAOSTAT 2022 OP Snapshot
Major CropLeading Countries
RiceChina > India > Bangladesh > Indonesia > Vietnam
WheatChina > India > Russia > USA > Australia
MaizeUSA > China > Brazil > Argentina > India
BarleyRussia > Australia > France > Germany > Canada
JowarNigeria > Sudan > USA > Mexico > Ethiopia
PulsesIndia > Canada > China > Russia > Nigeria
SoyabeanBrazil > USA > Argentina > China > India
Sunflower (Seed)Russia > Ukraine > Argentina > China > Türkiye
SugarcaneBrazil > India > China > Thailand > Pakistan
Seed Cotton (Unginned)China > India > USA > Brazil > Uzbekistan
JuteIndia > Bangladesh > Cambodia > Uzbekistan > China
Onion (Dry)India > China > Egypt > USA
TomatoChina > India > Türkiye > USA > Egypt
AppleChina > Türkiye > USA > Poland > India
Mangoes, Mangosteens & Guavas (Combined)India > Indonesia > China > Pakistan
CoconutIndonesia > Philippines > India > Brazil > Sri Lanka
SpicesNo universal all-spices ranking; specify commodity/aggregate and year
TeaChina > India > Kenya > Sri Lanka > Türkiye
Coffee (Green)Brazil > Vietnam > Indonesia > Colombia > Ethiopia
TobaccoChina > India > Brazil > Indonesia > USA
Rubber (Natural)Thailand, Indonesia and Vietnam were the leading three in the referenced FAO-based snapshot
CocoaCôte d’Ivoire > Ghana > Indonesia
⚡ Quick Recall
In the FAOSTAT 2022 OP snapshot, India leads pulses and jute. A ‘spices’ ranking requires a defined commodity/aggregate and year.
🐄 Animal Husbandry
  • An ancient livelihood activity — a Primary Activity
  • Country with the largest milch animal / livestock population: India
📌 Total Milk Production — OP Snapshot India > USA > Pakistan > China > Brazil
🎣 Other Activities
ActivityKey Facts
FisheriesContinental shelf accounts for the majority of world fishing • Habitat of plankton (mixing of warm and cold ocean currents) • Top producer – China
India's Fisheries rankSecond in fish production (Top producer – China)
Silk production in IndiaFour varieties – Mulberry, Tasar, Eri and Muga
⚡ Quick Recall
India leads the world in milk and livestock population, but ranks only second in fish production, behind China.
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